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— This paper investigates the various properties of the manual clay burnt bricks and clay mechanized bricks. A series of experimental tests are conducted on two different types of bricks in laboratory. The materials used for bricks are same. The physical properties of soil sample that is the percentage of clay, silt and sand are also identified to examine its suitability for manufacturing of clay bricks. The study shows significant reduction of water absorption and a overwhelming increase of compressive strength for mechanized bricks over manual bricks. The masonry unit of mechanized bricks also shows significant improvement in terms of compressive strength then manual brick. Keywords—Manual bricks, mechanized bricks, compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence. I.
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Energy consumption of normal building nowadays kept on creasing due to the usage of air conditioning. Heat during the day will easily penetrate through the walls due to high thermal conductivity thus making the room hot during the day. However by introducing rice husk into the clay brick, a lower thermal conductivity brick will be produce due to the pores formed during firing of the brick. These pores will lower the thermal conductivity of the brick and also the weight of the brick making it ideal for a future green building. This study investigated the effects of adding sawdust as an additional raw material in the production of fired clay bricks towards thermal conductivity of the bricks, compressive strength and the water absorption of the brick. The sawdust was added into the raw material at (0%, 5% and 10%), mixed and pressed by a hot press under the pressure of 0.21Mpa for 2 hours with a rectangular shaped mold (103mm 107.5mm 65mm).. The compressive strength of the bricks decreased at a rate of -0.21 N/mm2 (R2=0.9856) from 6 to 0.5 N/mm2 with increasing sawdust concentration. While the compressive strength will increase at a rate of 0.26 N/mm2 (R2=0.9971) from 0.5 to 6 N/mm2 with increasing firing temperature which is caused by sintering process which is the shrinking and compacting of the brick with increasing firing temperature. The maximum compressive strength achieved was still lower than the standard required for clay bricks as stated in BS EN 772-1:2011. This is due to the compacting of the bricks where an extruder is recommended to be used to produce a more compact brick. On the other hand, addition of sawdust lowered the thermal conductivity of the bricks at a rate of -0.0173 W/mK (R2=0.9951) but the thermal conductivity will increase with firing temperature at a rate of 0.0059 W/mK (R2=0.2587) due to sintering process with 10% sawdust providing the lowest value of thermal conductivity of 0.25 W/mK.. This value was also superior compared to normal common building bricks (0.6 – 0.15 W/m K) available in the market. The porosity of the bricks can be related to the water absorption of the brick. The increase sawdust concentration to the brick caused an increase in water absorption at a rate of 1.187% (R2=0.9771) while the increase of firing temperature will lowers the water absorption at a rate of -0.1523% (R2=0.1864) with 10% of sawdust concentration absorbs the most water at 29.71%. From this observation, it was deduced that the porosity of the brick increased which in turn explains the decrease in heat conductivity with increasing sawdust concentration. As for recommendation for future research, it is recommended that the method in producing clay brick should be improvised by using an extruder instead of a hot press as this will increase the compactness of the clay bricks so that the strength of the brick is high enough to meet the
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The paper is addressed to manufacture low-cost durable bricks. Due to rapid increase in population and urbanisation, the conventional type of bricks has become scarce. So, to meet the demand a cost-effective brick have been manufactured using the agricultural waste such as rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), and bamboo leaves ash (BLA). The crushing strength is determined for different proportions at different burning and cooling temperatures by using Universal Testing machine (UTM) for optimization and are named as Bio-bricks. Three types of bricks have been prepared in different proportions of mix and its compressive strength and Tensile strength were determined. On observation, these bricks are as per the recommended strength of Indian Standard for a building material and usage. The advantage of these Bio-brick is cost-effective, sustainable, acts as good heat and sound insulator and has overall negative carbon footprint. The watermelon seeds may also be used for adding strength, but it is not attempted here. Based on the strength these bio bricks may be used in building the low-cost houses with a combination of wood or metal structural framework. Due to its porosity and low density these bio-bricks it maintains humidity of the buildings, so it is more suitable for hot climate like India.
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The study examined the impact of production of clay-bricks as an alternate to modern-bricks for sustainable development. It found out the production process of clay bricks as an alternative to modern cement bricks, the financial difference between clay bricks and modern cement bricks as well as their affordability, the contribution of clay bricks production to the national development and to suggest ways of improving clay bricks production and it marketability. The study area includes four (4) wards (Asheikri, Hausari, Kolori and Balle/kelluri) of Geidam Local Government Area, Yobe State. The population include clay bricks producers and residential households in four (4) wards of the local Government. The Multistage sampling techniques is used in the study. A sample size of 40 people was selected for this study (10 from each ward). Questionnaires are used to collect primary data. The analysis is based on the retrieved questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed statistically, using descriptive Statistic. Chi-square was used to interpret the hypotheses. The research revealed that Production of clay bricks as an alternative to modern cement blocks. It also found out that the production of clay bricks has contributed immensely to the national development of the Country. The researcher recommended that Government should provide friendly business environment in terms of adequate infrastructural that would enhances the production of clay bricks for National Development and to give opportunities to clay-bricks producers to access soft loans as well as other technical assistance to broaden the opportunities to strive effectively.
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